![]() See the developer documentation and examples on details on the inner workings of the Standard bridge. OP Mainnet uses this functionality in the Standard bridge to allow users to deposit tokens from Ethereum to OP Mainnet and also allow withdrawals of the same from OP Mainnet back to Ethereum. The exact mechanism by which this communication occurs differs depending on the direction in which messages are being sent. This makes it possible to transfer ETH or tokens, including ERC20 tokens, between the two networks. Optimism is designed so that users can send arbitrary messages between smart contracts on L2 (OP Mainnet, OP Sepolia, etc.) and the underlying L1 (Ethereum mainnet, Sepolia, etc.). This mechanism is slower, but censorship resistant. ![]() The rollup node (implemented as the op-node component) derives the L2 blocks from L1. You can read more about it in the specs (opens in a new tab). This operates the same way that the L1 execution clients synchronize the state across the network. The execution engine can update itself using peer to peer network with other execution engines. The execution engine (implemented as the op-geth component) receive blocks using two mechanisms: Refer to Protocol specs section for more information about how we plan to decentralize the Sequencer role in the future. These transactions are a lot cheaper to submit (because you do not need the expense of a separate L1 transaction), but of course they cannot be made censorship resistant, because the sequencer is the only participant that knows about them.įor the moment, The Optimism Foundation (opens in a new tab) runs the only block producer on OP Mainnet. Transactions submitted directly to the sequencer. You can read more about this mechanism in the protocol specifications (opens in a new tab). This provides OP Mainnet with L1 Ethereum level censorship resistance. If the sequencer attempts to ignore a legitimate L1 transaction it ends up with a state that is inconsistent with the verifiers, same as if the sequencer tried to fake the state by other means. The first block of the epoch includes all the deposits that happened in the L1 block to which it corresponds. Transactions submitted on L1 (called deposits) are included in the chain in the appropriate L2 block.Įvery L2 block is identified by the "epoch" (the L1 block to which it corresponds, which typically has happened a few minutes before the L2 block) and its serial number within that epoch. Transactions get to the sequencer in two ways: In OP Mainnet blocks are produced every two seconds, regardless of whether they are empty (no transactions), filled up to the block gas limit with transactions, or anything in between. In Bedrock the sequencer does have a mempool, similar to L1 Ethereum, but the mempool is private to avoid opening opportunities for MEV. Providing transaction confirmations and state updates.Optimism block production is primarily managed by a single party, called the "sequencer," which helps the network by providing the following services: This is important because writing to L1 is the major cost of OP Mainnet transactions. This is the way that OP Mainnet inherits the availability and integrity guarantees of Ethereum.īlocks are written to L1 in a compressed format (opens in a new tab) to reduce costs. In Bedrock L2 blocks are saved to the Ethereum blockchain using a non-contract address ( 0xff00.0010 on Ethereum (opens in a new tab)) to minimize the L1 gas expense.Īs these blocks are submitted as transaction calldata on Ethereum, there is no way to modify or censor them after the "transaction" is included in a block that has enough attestations. In OP Mainnet's case this parent blockchain is Ethereum. Specifically, Optimistic Rollups take advantage of the consensus mechanism (like PoW or PoS) of their parent chain instead of providing their own. Optimism is an "Optimistic Rollup," which is basically just a fancy way of describing a blockchain that piggy-backs off of the security of another "parent" blockchain. Then we'll explain why Optimism is built as an Optimistic Rollup and why we believe it's the best option for a system that addresses all of our design goals.Ĭheckout the protocol specs (opens in a new tab), if you want to more detail about the rollup protocol. We'll go through a brief explainer of how Optimistic Rollups work at a high level. The big idea that makes Optimism possible is the Optimistic Rollup. Rollup Protocol Overview Rollup Protocol Overview
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