![]() ![]() Loving the bold joke, a Twitter user wrote, “Jerrod Carmichael brought out 3 #GoldenGlobes Tom Cruise returned & offered to exchange them for the safe return of Shelly Miscavige. Laura Dern presents the best supporting actor motion picture award for 'Judas and the Black Messiah' to winner Daniel Kaluuya. I think we take these 3 things and trade them for the safe return of Shelly Miscavige.” After one commercial break, Carmichael walked out with three Golden Globes and said, “I found the 3 Golden Globes that Tom Cruise returned. But the joke that got Twitter in stitches was about Tom Cruise, who is famously a Scientologist, and the reported disappearance of Shelly Miscavige, the wife of the Church of Scientology leader David Miscavige.Ĭruise famously returned his three Golden Globes after the controversy surrounding the HFPA and didn’t attend the show. His opening monologue shaded the Hollywood Foreign Press for its lack of diversity, while his shoutout to the Beverly Hills Hilton included a reference to Whitney Houston’s death. Jerrod Carmichael’s Tom Cruise Joke Solicited GaspsĬarmichael wasn’t afraid to make controversial jokes during the night. Twitter was charmed by Cox’s chaotic charisma, from the way she asked nearly every guest the same question (her line, “What story are you telling us tonight with this ensemble?” is now iconic) to her uncontainable thirst for both Top Gun: Maverick star Jay Ellis and a role in the third Avatar movie. On the red carpet, stars including Golden Globe nominees Quinta Brunson, Jenna Ortega, and Sheryl Lee Ralph chatted with Laverne Cox ( Orange Is the New Black), who hosted the E! Live From The Golden Globes pre-show. The biggest upset of the night was Glenn Close's win as best drama actress for 'The Wife,' edging out Lady Gaga in 'A Star is Born.' But she recovered from. Laverne Cox’s Red Carpet Energy Was Chaotic Good ![]() There were lighter moments, too: Michelle Yeoh’s curt refusal to be played off the stage read not as rude, but totally badass Jennifer Coolidge’s inability to be anything other than Jennifer Coolidge led to Twitter campaigning for her to host the next show.īringing together a ton of celebrities in one place practically ensures viral moments, and the 2023 Golden Globes were no different. Here Are the Most Awkward Moments From the 2023 Golden Globe Awards Christen A. “Life really comes at you fast, you know?” The resulting awkward laughter was a theme of the night, as Carmichael peppered the show with divisive jokes about everything from Scientology to Will Smith’s Oscars slap. “One day you’re making mint tea at home, the next, you’re invited to be the Black face of an embattled white organization,” Carmichael joked in his opening monologue. During the show, host Jerrod Carmichael of The Carmichael Show wasted no time in addressing the elephant in the room: accusations of unethical behavior in the Hollywood Foreign Press Association and reports that the group didn’t have a single Black voting member. ![]() Kevin Winter/Getty Images for The Recording Academy. Sacha Baron Cohen thanked his bodyguardĬohen (aka Borat) won Best Actor in a Motion Picture in a musical or comedy for reprising his role as Borat, Kazakhstan's most famous journalist, in last year's controversial political satire Borat Subsequent Movie Film.After one year off the air, the Golden Globe Awards are back this year on NBC and kicking off the 2023 awards season. Kim Petras and Sam Smith accept the Grammy for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance for Unholy on Feb. When he won, beating Gary Oldman, Anthony Hopkins, Tahar Rahim and Riz Ahmed, his widow Taylor Simone Ledward gave a tearful acceptance speech on his behalf that was likely the most impactful moment of the show. There was a sense in the lead-up to the awards that the HFPA voters would be remiss in handing the statue to anyone other than Boseman, and not just because of the strength of his performance. He was posthumously nominated for Best Actor in a Motion Picture in the drama category for his role in Ma Rainey's Black Bottom, his final film. From Leonardo DiCaprio and Lady Gaga's weird encounter in 2016 to cringe-y red carpet moments, these Golden Globes memories will always be remembered for. The 2021 Golden Globes' 13 Most Awkward Moments And Mistakes News By Nick Venable published 1 March 2021 (Image credit: nbc press) If it walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, it might. The star of Black Panther, Marshall and other films, Boseman died in August from colon cancer at age 43. A few other shows got more than one award, too, including The Queen's Gambit and Schitt's Creek.
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![]() P = power (W) Example - Aeroplane and Airfoil Lift - Drag and required Thrust Powerįor an aeroplane with velocity 100 m/s, wing area 20 m 2, a drag coefficient 0.06 and a lift coefficient 0.7 - the lifting force acting on the airfoil can be calculatedį L = 0.7 1/2 (1.2 kg/m 3 ) (100 m/s) 2 (20 m 2 )į D = 0.06 1/2 ( 1. The thrust power required to overcome the drag force can be calculated The drag force acting on a body in fluid flow can be calculatedĪ = body area (m 2 > ) Required Thrust Power to overcome Drag Force Therefore, designers fix the aft limit of the CG forward of the CP for the corresponding flight speed in order to retain flight equilibrium.The lifting force acting on a body in a fluid flow can be calculated If the CP is forward of the CG, a nose up pitching moment is created. ![]() When the CG is forward of the CP, there is a natural tendency for the aircraft to want to pitch nose down. It is important to understand that an aircraft’s weight is concentrated at the CG and the aerodynamic forces of lift occur at the CP. The designers determine how far the center of pressure (CP) will travel. The allowable location of the CG is determined by the general design of each particular aircraft. It will be noted that CG is of major importance in an aircraft, for its position has a great bearing upon stability. If the aircraft were supported at its exact CG, it would balance in any attitude. The CG may be considered as a point at which all the weight of the aircraft is concentrated. Gravity is the pulling force that tends to draw all bodies to the center of the earth. The actual speed at which the molecules move depends upon the shape of the wing, the viscosity (stickiness) of the air through which the wing or airfoil is moving, and its compressibility (how much it can be compacted). At the top of the boundary layer, the molecules increase velocity and move at the same speed as the molecules outside the boundary layer. There are four fundamental forces involved in the combination of aerodynamics and a sailboat and those include the lift, drag, thrust, and weight. Drag is the aerodynamic force that opposes an aircrafts motion through the air. Thrust is an artificial force manipulated by pilot and generated through engine(s) that acts horizontally, parallel to flight path thrust opposes dragwhen airspeed constant, thrust equals drag when airspeed accelerating, thrust is greater than drag and when decelerating, drag is greater than thrust. One of the most important facets to understand when learning about how a sail works under the magnifying glass of aerodynamics is understanding the forces at play. The area between the wing and the free-stream velocity level is about as wide as a playing card and is called the boundary layer. There are 4 basic forces of flight: Lift, Weight, Thrust and Drag. ![]() This speed is called the free-stream velocity. On real aircraft, just like with your automobile, there is usually a fuel reserve, and the pilot makes sure to land the plane with fuel still on board. begingroup In the case of Cessna 172, using 0.8 for the Oswald factor and 0.3 for the zero-lift drag coefficient and considering the efficiency of the propeller as being 70, I get a max lift that is more than double the gross weight of the plane which is 1111 kg. Each layer of molecules above the surface moves slightly faster until the molecules are moving at the velocity of the air moving around the aircraft. The weight is constantly changing as fuel is burned, so the lift, drag, and thrust and fuel consumption rate are also continually changing. The air molecules, which come in direct contact with the surface of the wing, are virtually motionless. Both produce thrust to counteract weight, and only when the helicopter adds some forward speed, lift will be created in addition to thrust. One of the most important effects is a very large increase in drag, as well as a reduction in lift. In vertical ascent (rocket or helicopter) it is thrust, not lift, which compensates for drag (and needs to be a bit larger than weight). During steady, level flight, the pilot adjusts the engine power and various control surfaces to keep the opposing forces in balance. Every surface, no matter how apparently smooth, has a rough, ragged surface when viewed under a microscope. Weight opposes lift, drag opposes thrust. Skin friction drag is the aerodynamic resistance due to the contact of moving air with the surface of an aircraft. Leave those overly formal or delicate clothes in the closet.What should I avoid wearing to a rock concert? While the essence of rock concert outfits remains the same, there are some key differences between men’s and female’s rock concert outfits. Finish it off with some wild makeup and big hair. Opt for tight leather pants, a flashy graphic tee, and statement boots. On the other hand, if you’re headed to a Motley Crue concert, wear clothes with glam rock vibes. Don’t forget to accessorize with leather cuffs and a chain necklace to complete the look. Channel your inner metalhead with a black band tee, ripped jeans, and combat boots. If you’re wondering what to wear to a Slipknot concert, brace yourself for an edgy experience. Consider wearing a t-shirt, sweatshirt or even accessorizing with hats, wristbands, or patches featuring your beloved bands. Show Your fandom: Rock band merchandise is a fantastic way to express your fandom and connect with like-minded fans.A small bag will also come in handy to keep your essentials like a phone, wallet, and water bottle close at hand. Plus, they’ll help you enjoy the music without any ear-ringing aftermath. Essential accessories: Earplugs are a rock concert essential to protect your hearing. ![]() For cooler evenings, bring a jacket or a stylish flannel shirt to stay warm without compromising your rockstar appeal. If it’s hot, opt for lightweight fabrics and breathable materials. Weather warrior: Keep an eye on the weather forecast and dress accordingly.This way, you can ensure you’re compliant while expressing your style. Dress code check: While most rock concerts have a relaxed vibe, it’s always good to know if there are any specific guidelines.Rock concert outfit ideasīefore you start air-guitaring your heart out, let’s make sure you’re properly dressed for a rock concert. Select loose-fitting shirts, stretchy jeans or leggings, and skirts that won’t hinder your energetic dance moves.īy prioritizing comfort and mobility in your concert attire, you’ll be able to fully embrace the electrifying energy of the crowd and the music. Freedom of movement: Choose clothing that allows for easy movement and flexibility. ![]() Opt for cushioned soles and supportive footwear to keep you going strong throughout the night. ![]()
![]() It usually looks like a circle along a horizontal bar. Another problem with the SwitchCell is the switch itself.But when the theme changes, then the text color stays the same and you don't see the text anymore. They seem to magically recognize the color when the app starts and render with light/dark text so that they are readable against the background. The SwitchCells do not have a TextColor property.But these are not changed when the theme changes. I specified in values/styles.xml with different colors in the colors.xml files.When I change the theme, then they look like this: Here are screenshots from the sample app when it starts in light and dark mode: This works fine when the app is restarted, but when the theme changes while it is already running, then these colors are not applied. I have different colors in the values-night folder. Mainly those which I specified in the files values/colors.xml and values-night/colors.xml. Now the activity is not restarted anymore, but some colors are not applied. So I added ConfigChanges.UiMode to the ConfigurationChanges in my MainActivity. Note: On Android, you can choose to disable dark mode on selective views by setting android:forceDarkAllowed.I want to keep my app running when the device changes between light and dark mode. ![]() Your app will work as normal in always light mode. This will ignore any trait changes and your app will work as normal (always light mode).įor Android, if you are not using the theme, and do not have resources (folders) with -night identifier, you don’t have to change anything. If your app is not ready to support dark mode just yet, fear not.įor iOS, you can set UIUserInterfaceStyle property in ist to light. If ((UiMode.NightYes))Īnd that is it for Android. When the OS changes UiMode, it will recreate the activity and the Set Theme() method will propagate the change to our Xamarin.Forms views, protected override void OnCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) This is much simpler than iOS where we had to create a PageRenderer. To do so, we simply set the to desired theme ResourceDictionary in our MainActivity. Now that we have the OS configurations setup, we need to update our shared code of the Xamarin.Forms application. Subsequently, we can have different colors list for each theme,Īnd simply use the colors list in our theme, 3 Apply Theme Behind the scene, this theme is implemented as this, Note: Images and icon names should be the same so they can be found when you ask for “github” or “github.png” for instance.īack to styles, since we now have two theme (style) files, we will have both of them inherit from. In our example, we have images for light and dark mode, so we placed them in the appropriate folders. ![]() We will also create a values-night folder that will hold our dark/night theme style and colors. So, we will create a drawable-night (or any other folder that holds our drawables, images and icons, etc.). In Android Q, there is a dedicated Dark mode which uses UiMode flags.Īs mentioned, the OS will look for these identifiers to locate resources. Android □Īndroid introduced the UiModeManager to handle day and night mode in API 8. As the trait (mode) changes, our app will reflect the change immediately, as intended. If (TraitCollection.UserInterfaceStyle = UIUserInterfaceStyle.Dark)Īpp.Current.Resources = new LightTheme() Īnd that’s it. If (TraitCollection.UserInterfaceStyle != previousTraitCollection.UserInterfaceStyle) public override void TraitCollectionDidChange(UITraitCollection previousTraitCollection) Now that we are subscribed to mode changes, we can reflect theme changes in the shared code of Xamarin.Forms application by updating to the desired theme ResourceDictionary. public override void TraitCollectionDidChange(UITraitCollection previousTraitCollection)īase.TraitCollectionDidChange(previousTraitCollection) We can get to this callback via our platform using a custom PageRenderer. We can subscribe to mode changes in our current ViewController by overriding the TraitCollectionDidChange method. This makes is simple to set colors and icons in iOS and based on mode change, the resources are automatically loaded by the OS. in light mode, dark mode and any mode (the default option). To support normal (light) and dark mode, Xcode 11+ provides options under Assets.xcassets to set resources such as Colors, Images, Icons, etc. Now that we have the two themes ready, let’s get to the platforms. This should be enough for getting started. To keep track of current theme, we add a property in our App class, public Theme AppTheme Or in the code behind, = new LightTheme() In App.xaml, we will set a default theme, it may look something like this, Create a ResourceDictionary for Light theme, ☀️ Zoho Invoice supports custom fields, letting you capture additional information in your invoices. You can sign up to Zoho Invoice for Free and add additional fields to your invoices. I need to add an additional field to my invoice. However, by signing up for the Free Zoho Invoice software, you can add discounts to your invoices. You do not have the option to add discounts within this Invoice generator. Learn moreĭo I have the option to add discounts to my invoices? However, with Zoho Invoice app you can change the date format of your invoices. No, with the free invoice creator tool, you cannot change the date format. I need to change the date format for my invoices. Learn how to edit invoices in Zoho Invoice. You can then download, print, or send a copy of the edited invoice to the customer. Yes, Zoho Invoice lets you edit the invoices. You can choose a template of your choice and customize it to suit your brand. You can sign up to the free plan of Zoho Invoice to customize your invoices. However, the invoice templates from Zoho Invoice are fully customizable. With the Free Invoice Generator from you do not have the option to customize the blank invoices. Why is it important to add due date on the invoice?Īdding the due date in your invoice will encourage your customers to make the payment within a certain period, ensuring you get paid on time. Recurring Invoices: Invoices created and send to customers on a regular interval. Timesheet invoice: Invoice created for work done on hourly basis. Proforma invoices: A document that states the commitment of the seller to deliver goods and services to the buyer for an agreed price.Ĭommercial invoice: A document used for customs in the sale of goods that exported across the international borders.Ĭredit notes: A document issued to the buyer in case of goods retuned due to damage or any mistakes made. What are the different types of invoices? Make sure that you’re signed in to iCloud with the same Apple ID on both devices.You need to have a newer iOS device (if you do not have one, you can borrow one from a friend).Then how can you do that? If this is the case, you can buy the app on a newer device and then find and download it on your older device. Ok, you may think that #1 above does not work because you have never downloaded the particular app that you want to install. A popup will appear, and you will be asked: “Download an older version of this app? The current version requires iOS X.X or later, but you can download the last compatible version.” Simply tap Download.Ģ.For iOS 11 and later, tap on the Today tab at the bottom, then tap on your user account icon near the top-right corner of the screen.Here you can see all the apps you have installed previously. Find the Purchased tab and My Purchases.First, make sure that you are signed in with the Apple ID that you used to buy the app originally.If you previously purchased the app, you can redownload and reinstall the last compatible version. So, there are two different ways you can try to do this. You may be able to download and install previously purchased apps (perhaps you have deleted them). How to download apps that require the newest software on older devices This article explains how you can do that. This means that, for instance, you may be able to download the Netflix app on your iOS device running 9.3.5 or 10.3.3. However, you may still be able to download the last compatible version. iPad (3rd generation), iPad 2: iOS 9.3.6.iPad Air (first generation) and iPad mini 3 and iPad mini 2: iOS 12.5.5.iPhone 4S, iPod Touch 5, iPad 2, iPad 3, iPad Mini 1: iOS 9.3.5.iPhone 5s, iPhone 6 and 6 Plus: iOS 12.5.5.Below is a list of the highest versions of iOS available for some of the older iOS devices: ![]() The last version of iOS that you can install on the original iPad is iOS 5.1.1. Thus, for instance, you can not install iOS 12 on the original iPad (iPad 1). Older devices may not support the highest supported versions of iOS available because they may not have the internal hardware to support it. See also: Cannot Connect to the App Store, FixĪpple has discontinued many older devices. So how are you going to download this app? Do not worry There is a way to do this. Instead, the company said new firmware versions will install when the AirPods are connected via Bluetooth to your iPhone.Although the message above tells you to update, you may not be able to update even if you want to if your device does not support the iOS X.X version. How to install AirPods Pro 2 new firmwareĪs you probably know by now, Apple also does not make it easy to manually update your AirPods Pro 2 to new firmware versions. For example, the new Apple TV 4K could support a 120Hz refresh rate, but Apple hasn’t implemented this feature yet. It’s not clear when Apple will take advantage of it. (…) With Bluetooth 5.2 and LC3 support, Apple will be able to get rid of AirPods desynchronizing when on the user’s ears, and improve battery life thanks to the low-energy standard, while focusing on efficiency and stability. For the LE Audio support, it’s worth mentioning that a senior Apple engineer is heavily involved in this new standard. (…) In addition, 9to5Mac already found references on iOS 16 that it will support LC3 codec and low-energy Audio support. While the LC3 codec will improve audio calls, efficiency, and stability of Bluetooth devices, the requirements to take full advantage of this standard will require Bluetooth 5.2. In addition, this beta firmware made us believe that Apple could be readying Lossless support for AirPods Pro 2 as it would need Bluetooth 5.2 to support the new LC3 standard (this device offers Bluetooth 5.3). ![]() In this firmware, a developer was able to discover that Apple is readying a new audio codec to improve calls on the premium headphones. More interestingly, the company is also testing a firmware update for AirPods Max, which has not currently been made available for users. For the Apple Watch Ultra, however, we know that the Cupertino company is fixing an audio issue with the microphones available on the device.įor the AirPods Pro 2, Apple is likely doing something similar. As of right now, Apple has not disclosed what’s changing with this firmware. Here’s what you need to know.ĪirPods Pro 2 firmware’s new version is 5.0, build 5A377. ![]() Both of these devices will be available starting tomorrow, which means users will have day one updates to install once they get their hands on these products. After watchOS 9.0.1 for the Apple Watch Ultra, Apple has released a new firmware update for AirPods Pro 2. ![]() This means they will not be able to open the AI writing report. Once turned off, users will no longer be able to see the AI writing indicator in the Similarity Report. If administrators would prefer that instructors in their account do not see our AI writing indicator, they can now hide this feature by going to their account settings, selecting the product tab (next to the General settings tab) and selecting the ‘Off’ checkbox under the AI Writing section. We have released a setting for our administrator users that will allow them to toggle the visibility of Turnitin’s AI writing detection capabilities.ĪI writing detection capabilities are set to ‘On’ as default. To learn more about our AI writing detection model, and to get continued updates, visit our AI writing detection model release notes page.Ģ023 May 16th Administrator settings - AI writing indicator visibility toggle Improved handling of formatting and line breaks. We’ve released an update to our AI writing detection model, which includes:Īdjusted how we aggregate sentences at the beginning and ending of the document. Prose text contained in a long-form writing format means individual sentences contained in paragraphs that make up a longer piece of written work, such as an essay, a dissertation, or an article, etc. Submissions will now require 300 words of prose text in a long-form writing format order for our model to provide an AI writing detection determination. ![]() Increased required word count to 300 words We have added a new tooltip and in-app notification to help users have a better understanding of the significance of low percentages. In order to reduce the likelihood of misinterpretation, we have changed the AI indicator and AI writing report to contain an asterisk for percentages less than 20 to call attention to the fact that the score is less reliable. 2023 May 24th AI writing detection updates to address our customers’ false positives concerns New messaging for results between 1 and 20 percentĪs a result of customer feedback and additional testing, we learned that AI writing detection results between 1 and 20 percent have a higher incidence of false positives. Select the Download option from the top menu to begin the download. This new capability allows you to share the AI writing reports with ease, empowering you with a portable format for offline reference and collaboration. Users now have the ability to download the AI writing report as a PDF file. 2023 Aug 9th Download the AI writing report To learn about the other quote formats that are recognized for this exclusion setting, check out our guidance. We are now able to detect the use of single quotation marks as a part of the quote exclusion setting for the Similarity Report, while continuing to ignore the use of apostrophes. 2023 October 2nd Single quotes can now be excluded from Similarity Reports This will disable the new report completely for all instructors.Ĭheck out our administrator guidance for opting out of the new Similarity Report experience. Administrators are able to opt out of the new Similarity Report experience in the account settings. The new report is still completely optional for instructors. Opt out of the new Similarity Report experience Choose the Show overlapping sources option for a list of every source matched to the submission, including sources matched to the same text. Switching to this view will change the match-to-source highlights to a rotating color scheme. Sources - This view displays a list of sources with the highest percentage of text matched for each submission highlight. Match groups are only available for English language submissions. Check out our guidance about using the new Match Groups. Any material in the submission matched to a source is highlighted in the corresponding match group color. Match Groups - In this new default view, the overall similarity is divided into four categories based on the usage of in-text citations and quotation marks. ![]() Check out our guidance about interpreting the new report. Overall Similarity - The overall similarity is the percentage of text in a submission that matches to sources in our database (calculated by dividing the number of matching words by the total number of words in the submission). What to expect in the new Similarity Report Instructors will notice some new and familiar tools. The new Similarity Report experience provides a more robust look at instances of similarity for faster insights. 2023 November 01 New Similarity Report experience now available for instructor If AI writing is disabled and then re-enabled, any submissions made while disabled will need to be resubmitted to receive an AI writing report. We will only process submissions for AI writing detection if your institution has the feature enabled. Subscribe 2023 November 27 Updates to AI Writing Subscribe to the RSS feed so you know the moment we do. We haven't released anything for this version of Turnitin yet. and the university-wide core curriculum requirements.Īll of these elements combined prepare our students to be professionals in the rapidly expanding and evolving industry where music and technology intersect.topics essential to the foundation of musical learning, such as music theory, music history and private instrumental or vocal lessons.Sound recording technology courses include:Īdditionally, you'll have the opportunity to work on the School of Music Sound Recording Services crew where you'll gain experience in live sound production, reinforcement and recording.Īlong with the completion of SRT-specific classes, you'll receive training in: Beyond the classroom, you'll gain real world experience through small group and solo projects as well as logging plenty of time in our cutting-edge labs and studios equipped with the latest in sound recording technology and software. The best way to learn something is by doing it. This broad educational program focuses on "hands-on" experience in sound recording, mixing and production to prepare you for a professional career or to pursue graduate education in the music and recording arts field. Course program in Music Construction, Production & Commercial Sound Engineering.Looking to combine your passion for music with the unlimited possibilities of technology? Our sound recording technology program provides students like you with strong music fundamentals and introduction to the techniques and knowledge of the latest software and hardware needed to succeed in live sound production, reinforcement and recording.Degree Programs in Acoustics & Audio Technology.Sound Engineering & Music Production Diplomas.Diploma in Studio & Live Sound Engineering.Bachelor of Science in Sound Engineering and Design.Degrees available in various locations such as Madrid, London and Oxford.Vocational Degree in Studio Recording and Live Sound.With campuses worldwide, SAE Institute (one of the best music production schools of 2023) offers specialized 2-year programs in music production. Vocational Degree in Sound and Music Recording NOTE: All of the best music production schools always require dedication, so make sure to bring your A-game.Associate Degrees in Record Producing or Recording Engineering.Associate of Applied Science in Music Production and Recording Technology.Associate of Applied Science in Media Arts.Music Production Schools Offering Associate Degrees Diploma in Audio Recording and Production. ![]() production of beats, audio for gaming, sound for film and television and.
![]() (“Retail sites” refer to gas stations, a spokesperson said when reached by phone, although the company didn’t respond to further questions.) In tandem, it wants to grow its electric vehicle charging network from 60,000 charge points currently to around 500,000 by 2025. Shell already owns 46,000 retail sites and wants to increase that to 55,000. Shell’s plan to focus on the retail side of the renewables business would build on its existing strength as a retail provider of gasoline and diesel. “We aim to be a leading provider of clean Power-as-a-Service,” the company said. ![]() Part of that plan relies heavily on carbon offsets, including spending an expected $100 million per year on “ nature-based solutions” such as planting trees.īut the real substance of the plan involves bulking up its retail operations and overhauling them to focus on sales of renewable electricity directly to households and electric vehicle owners. It wants to reduce the carbon intensity of its energy products by 6-8% by 2023, 20% by 2030, 45% by 2035 and 100% by 2050, against a 2016 baseline. To achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, including emissions from its own products, Shell has linked the salaries of 16,500 staff to a series of carbon reduction targets. “The company has to generate the cash it needs to reinvent itself and shift its mix towards renewables in preparation for a long-term net zero future,” said Russ Mould, Investment Director at financial services firm AJ Bell.įrom retail gasoline to retail power, biofuels and hydrogen ![]() See the developer documentation and examples on details on the inner workings of the Standard bridge. OP Mainnet uses this functionality in the Standard bridge to allow users to deposit tokens from Ethereum to OP Mainnet and also allow withdrawals of the same from OP Mainnet back to Ethereum. The exact mechanism by which this communication occurs differs depending on the direction in which messages are being sent. This makes it possible to transfer ETH or tokens, including ERC20 tokens, between the two networks. Optimism is designed so that users can send arbitrary messages between smart contracts on L2 (OP Mainnet, OP Sepolia, etc.) and the underlying L1 (Ethereum mainnet, Sepolia, etc.). This mechanism is slower, but censorship resistant. ![]() The rollup node (implemented as the op-node component) derives the L2 blocks from L1. You can read more about it in the specs (opens in a new tab). This operates the same way that the L1 execution clients synchronize the state across the network. The execution engine can update itself using peer to peer network with other execution engines. The execution engine (implemented as the op-geth component) receive blocks using two mechanisms: Refer to Protocol specs section for more information about how we plan to decentralize the Sequencer role in the future. These transactions are a lot cheaper to submit (because you do not need the expense of a separate L1 transaction), but of course they cannot be made censorship resistant, because the sequencer is the only participant that knows about them.įor the moment, The Optimism Foundation (opens in a new tab) runs the only block producer on OP Mainnet. Transactions submitted directly to the sequencer. You can read more about this mechanism in the protocol specifications (opens in a new tab). This provides OP Mainnet with L1 Ethereum level censorship resistance. If the sequencer attempts to ignore a legitimate L1 transaction it ends up with a state that is inconsistent with the verifiers, same as if the sequencer tried to fake the state by other means. The first block of the epoch includes all the deposits that happened in the L1 block to which it corresponds. Transactions submitted on L1 (called deposits) are included in the chain in the appropriate L2 block.Įvery L2 block is identified by the "epoch" (the L1 block to which it corresponds, which typically has happened a few minutes before the L2 block) and its serial number within that epoch. Transactions get to the sequencer in two ways: In OP Mainnet blocks are produced every two seconds, regardless of whether they are empty (no transactions), filled up to the block gas limit with transactions, or anything in between. In Bedrock the sequencer does have a mempool, similar to L1 Ethereum, but the mempool is private to avoid opening opportunities for MEV. Providing transaction confirmations and state updates.Optimism block production is primarily managed by a single party, called the "sequencer," which helps the network by providing the following services: This is important because writing to L1 is the major cost of OP Mainnet transactions. This is the way that OP Mainnet inherits the availability and integrity guarantees of Ethereum.īlocks are written to L1 in a compressed format (opens in a new tab) to reduce costs. In Bedrock L2 blocks are saved to the Ethereum blockchain using a non-contract address ( 0xff00.0010 on Ethereum (opens in a new tab)) to minimize the L1 gas expense.Īs these blocks are submitted as transaction calldata on Ethereum, there is no way to modify or censor them after the "transaction" is included in a block that has enough attestations. In OP Mainnet's case this parent blockchain is Ethereum. Specifically, Optimistic Rollups take advantage of the consensus mechanism (like PoW or PoS) of their parent chain instead of providing their own. Optimism is an "Optimistic Rollup," which is basically just a fancy way of describing a blockchain that piggy-backs off of the security of another "parent" blockchain. Then we'll explain why Optimism is built as an Optimistic Rollup and why we believe it's the best option for a system that addresses all of our design goals.Ĭheckout the protocol specs (opens in a new tab), if you want to more detail about the rollup protocol. We'll go through a brief explainer of how Optimistic Rollups work at a high level. The big idea that makes Optimism possible is the Optimistic Rollup. Rollup Protocol Overview Rollup Protocol Overview |
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